Reba: 0 Umwanditsi: Muhinduzi wurubuga Gutangaza Igihe: 2025-12-02 Inkomoko: Urubuga
Reba hafi mucyumba wicayemo. Birashoboka ko ushobora kubona ama kadirishya yidirishya rya PVC, imiyoboro ya pulasitike, izengurutse insinga z'amashanyarazi, cyangwa wenda firime ya plastike isobanutse ipfunyika paki. Ibi bintu byose bisangiye inkuru yinkomoko: byakozwe hakoreshejwe imashini zo gukuramo.
Extrusion nuburyo bunini bwo gukora inganda aho ibikoresho fatizo bishonga bigakorwa muburyo bukomeza. Ninganda zingana no gukuramo amenyo yinyo mu muyoboro, ariko hamwe nubushyuhe bukabije, umuvuduko, hamwe nubuhanga bwuzuye. Mugihe ihame ryibanze riguma rihamye-guhatira ibintu binyuze mu rupfu rumeze - imashini zikoreshwa ziratandukanye cyane ukurikije ibikoresho nibicuruzwa byanyuma.
Kubakora naba injeniyeri, gusobanukirwa ubushobozi bwihariye bwimashini zinyuranye ni ngombwa. Gukoresha ibikoresho bitari byo bishobora kuganisha ku bicuruzwa bitujuje ubuziranenge, ibikoresho byangiritse, no kudakora neza. Aka gatabo kagabanya ibyiciro bitandukanye byubuhanga bwo gukuramo ibicuruzwa, kuva mu gukora imiyoboro isanzwe kugeza kuri firime yihariye hamwe na bioplastique.
Mbere yo gutondekanya imashini kubicuruzwa bakora, tugomba kubanza kubitandukanya nubukanishi bwimbere. Umubare munini wa imashini zo gukuramo ziri mubyiciro bibiri byibanze bishingiye ku gishushanyo mbonera kiboneka imbere muri barriel.
Imashini imwe ya screw ni uruganda rukora inganda za plastiki. Nkuko izina ribivuga, ikoresha umugozi umwe uzunguruka muri barri ishyushye. Imigozi yimura pelletike mbisi imbere, kuyishonga binyuze mu guterana ubushyuhe nubushyuhe mbere yo kubisunika mu rupfu. Izi mashini muri rusange zihendutse kandi ziroroshye kubungabunga. Nibyiza cyane guhora usohora polymers aho bisabwa kuvoma umuvuduko mwinshi ariko kuvanga cyane ntabwo.
Twin screw extruders ikora hamwe ninshuro ebyiri zizunguruka kuruhande. Iyi miyoboro irashobora gufatanya (kuzunguruka mu cyerekezo kimwe) cyangwa guhinduranya. Imikoranire hagati yimigozi yombi itanga ubushobozi bwiza bwo kuvanga. Ibi bituma bahitamo neza mugihe ibikoresho bigomba guhuzwa ninyongeramusaruro, amabara, cyangwa ibyuzuye. Niba uwabikoze agomba kuvanga imiti yihariye mbere yo kuyikora, imashini yimpanga ni igisubizo.
Imwe muma progaramu ikunze gukoreshwa mumashini yo gukuramo ni ugukora firime ya plastike. Nyamara, hari uburyo bubiri butandukanye bwo kubigeraho, buri kimwe gisaba imashini zitandukanye.
Ubu buryo bukubiyemo gukuramo umuyoboro wa polymer ushongeshejwe ukoresheje uruziga hanyuma ukawuzunguza inshuro nyinshi diameter yumwimerere kugirango ube bubyibushye bwa firime. Iyi bubble noneho irasenyuka ikomeretsa mumuzingo.
Ubu buryo bukoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byo gupakira inganda, imifuka yo guhaha, na firime yubuhinzi. Imashini yo gukuramo firime ya bioplastique ni igice cyihariye cyiki cyiciro cyunguka cyane. Mugihe amabwiriza y’ibidukikije akomera, abayikora bahindukirira ibikoresho byangiza kandi byangiza. Bioplastique ikunze kwitwara bitandukanye na polyethylene isanzwe; barashobora kumva neza ubushyuhe cyangwa kogosha. Imashini ikuramo firime ya bioplastique ikozwe cyane na screw kandi igapfa yagenewe gukora ibyo bikoresho byoroshye itabitesha agaciro, byemeza ko umufuka wanyuma wibinyabuzima bigumana ubusugire bwimiterere.
Bitandukanye nuburyo bubble, a imashini ikuramo firime ishonga polymer ikayihata ikoresheje igipande gipfuye. Umwenda ushongeshejwe ugwa kumuzingo ukonje cyane. Guhura na roller ikonje bikomeza firime ako kanya.
Ibisubizo ni firime ifite optique isobanutse neza nubunini bumwe. Niba urimo kureba imigati isobanutse neza cyangwa igipfunyika, birashoboka ko yakorewe kumashini ikuramo firime. Iyi mirongo isanzwe ikora kumuvuduko mwinshi kuruta imirongo ya firime yavuzwe, bigatuma ikora neza cyane mugukora nini nini ya firime zoroshye, zisobanutse.
Mugihe firime zifite ibice bibiri, imashini nyinshi zo gusohora zagenewe gukora imiterere igoye-itatu.
Izi mashini zagenewe gukora ibicuruzwa bitagira umumaro. Inzira isa nubundi buryo bwo gukuramo, ariko icyiciro cyo gukonja kiratandukanye. Nyuma yo kuva mu rupfu, umuyoboro ubusanzwe winjira mu kigega cya vacu. Icyuho gituma umuyoboro udasenyuka ubwacyo mugihe ukonje mu bwogero bwamazi, ukemeza neza neza. Izi mashini zitanga ibintu byose kuva kuri cathete yubuvuzi kugeza kumiyoboro minini na gaz.
Gukuramo umwirondoro bikoreshwa mugukora imiterere itari igituba cyoroshye cyangwa impapuro. Ibi birimo imiyoboro yidirishya, kashe yumuryango, imiyoboro yimvura, hamwe nimodoka. Impfu zikoreshwa muri izo mashini akenshi ziragoye, kandi inzira yo gukonjesha igomba gucungwa neza kugirango plastike idacika uko igabanuka.
Iyo ibicuruzwa byifuzwa ari binini cyane ku buryo bidashobora gufatwa nka firime (muri rusange ikintu cyose gifite umubyimba urenze mm 0,5), abayikora bakoresha imashini zisohora impapuro. Kimwe na firime ya firime, iyi nzira ikoresha gupfa. Ariko, aho kugirango umuzingo umwe ukonje, urupapuro runyuzwa mumurongo wibice bitatu bikonjesha (bakunze kwita 'stack ') bigena ubunini nuburinganire bwurupapuro.
Amabati ya pulasitike yavuyemo ni gake cyane ibicuruzwa byanyuma. Ahubwo, mubisanzwe bagaburirwa mumashini ya thermoforming kugirango ibumbwe mubikombe, ibikoresho byokurya, cyangwa ibipfunyika.
Rimwe na rimwe, gusohora bikoreshwa mugutezimbere ibikoresho bihari aho kurema bundi bushya. Imashini zitwikiriye ibicuruzwa zikoresha polimeri yashongeshejwe kuri substrate nk'impapuro, impapuro, cyangwa igitambaro.
Ubu ni tekinoroji yinyuma itagira amazi hejuru yikofi yikawa cyangwa imbere imbere yikarito yumutobe. Imashini yo gukuramo ikora nk'umukozi uhuza, urongora imitungo ya plastiki (irwanya amazi) hamwe nimiterere ya substrate (gukomera gukomera cyangwa gucapwa).
Mugihe plastike yiganje mubiganiro, imashini zo gukuramo ntabwo zigarukira kuri polymers.
Imashini yo gukuramo ibyuma ikora ku ihame rimwe ariko bisaba imbaraga nubushyuhe bukabije. Aluminium nicyuma gikunze gukoreshwa cyane, gikoreshwa mugukora ibice byubaka mubwubatsi, ikirere, ninganda zitwara ibinyabiziga. Izi mashini zirashobora gushyuha (gushyushya icyuma munsi yacyo) cyangwa gukuramo ubukonje (ubushyuhe bwicyumba), bitewe nicyuma n'imbaraga zifuzwa.
Birashobora kuba bitangaje kumenya ko ibinyampeke byinshi bya mugitondo, ibiryo, na makariso bikozwe hakoreshejwe gusohora. Imashini zikuramo ibiryo zivanga ibirungo, kubiteka ukoresheje ubushyuhe bwogosha, no kubikora. Imiterere ya Cheeto cyangwa imiterere ya macaroni igenwa na extruder ipfa n'umuvuduko wo gukata.
Ntanubwo ari bisanzwe 'byiza '; bakorera intego zitandukanye. Imashini ikuramo firime itanga firime zisobanutse neza nubunini buhoraho, nibyiza kubipakira ibiryo no gupfunyika. Gukuramo firime muri rusange bitanga firime zikomeye zirwanya gucumita, bigatuma ziba nziza kumifuka iremereye, kwanga imifuka, no gukoresha ubuhinzi.
Ibisohoka bisanzwe birashobora rimwe na rimwe gutwika cyangwa gutesha agaciro bioplastique kuko ibyo bikoresho bishobora kuvugururwa akenshi bigira ubushyuhe buke bwumuriro ugereranije na plastiki gakondo ishingiye kuri peteroli. Imashini yagenewe bioplastike izaba ifite geometrike hamwe nubushyuhe bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe bwateguwe neza kugirango bitunganyirize ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije witonze, byemeze ibicuruzwa byanyuma byujuje ubuziranenge.
Muri rusange, oya. Mugihe ushobora guhindura ipfa kuri extruder kugirango ukore ubunini butandukanye bwubwoko bumwe bwibicuruzwa (nko guhindura diameter ya pipe), ntushobora gukoresha umuyoboro wa pipine kugirango ukore firime yoroheje. Ibikoresho byo hasi - ibigega bikonjesha, ibizunguruka, umuyaga - biratandukanye rwose kuri buri porogaramu.
Isi yo gukuramo ni nini, uhereye ku buryo bunoze bwo gukora imiyoboro yubuvuzi kugeza umusaruro mwinshi wibikoresho byubwubatsi. Kumenya ubwoko bwimashini zikuramo zibaho biterwa nuburyo wifuza kubona hamwe nu byiciro, ariko ibyiciro byingenzi - firime, urupapuro, umuyoboro, umwirondoro, hamwe nigitambaro - bikubiyemo igice kinini cyinganda.
Kubakora, guhitamo kumanuka kumiterere yihariye isabwa mubicuruzwa byanyuma. Niba optique isobanutse nibyingenzi, imashini ikuramo firime niyo guhitamo byumvikana. Niba intego ari ukwinjira mumasoko yicyatsi kibisi, gushora imari muri imashini ikuramo bioplastique ni intambwe yo gufata ingamba zirambye. Gusobanukirwa iri tandukaniro nintambwe yambere yo kubaka umurongo ukora neza, wunguka.
